gmshreader.hh

// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (C) DUNE Project contributors, see file LICENSE.md in module root
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-GPL-2.0-only-with-DUNE-exception
// -*- tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=2 sts=2:
 
#ifndef DUNE_GMSHREADER_HH
#define DUNE_GMSHREADER_HH
 
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include <utility>
 
#include <dune/common/exceptions.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
 
#include <dune/geometry/type.hh>
 
#include <dune/grid/common/boundarysegment.hh>
#include <dune/grid/common/gridfactory.hh>
 
namespace Dune
{
 
  struct GmshReaderOptions
  {
    enum GeometryOrder {
      firstOrder,
      secondOrder
    };
  };
 
  namespace {
 
    // arbitrary dimension, implementation is in specialization
    template< int dimension, int dimWorld = dimension >
    class GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment
    {
    public:
      // empty function since this class does not implement anything
      static void registerFactory() {}
    };
 
    // quadratic boundary segments in 1d
    /*
       Note the points
 
       (0)   (alpha)   (1)
 
       are mapped to the points in global coordinates
 
       p0 p2 p1
 
       alpha is determined automatically from the given points.
     */
    template< int dimWorld >
    struct GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld >
      : public Dune::BoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld >
    {
      typedef GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld >  ThisType;
      typedef typename Dune::BoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld > :: ObjectStreamType ObjectStreamType;
      typedef Dune::FieldVector< double, dimWorld > GlobalVector;
 
      GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment ( const GlobalVector &p0_, const GlobalVector &p1_, const GlobalVector &p2_)
        : p0(p0_), p1(p1_), p2(p2_)
      {
        init();
      }
 
      GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment( ObjectStreamType& in )
      {
        // key is read before by the factory
        const int bytes = sizeof(double)*dimWorld;
        in.read( (char *) &p0[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p1[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p2[ 0 ], bytes );
        init();
      }
 
      static void registerFactory()
      {
        if( key() < 0 )
        {
          key() = Dune::BoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld >::template registerFactory< ThisType >();
        }
      }
 
      virtual GlobalVector operator() ( const Dune::FieldVector<double,1> &local ) const
      {
        GlobalVector y;
        y = 0.0;
        y.axpy((local[0]-alpha)*(local[0]-1.0)/alpha,p0);
        y.axpy(local[0]*(local[0]-1.0)/(alpha*(alpha-1.0)),p1);
        y.axpy(local[0]*(local[0]-alpha)/(1.0-alpha),p2);
        return y;
      }
 
      void backup( ObjectStreamType& out ) const
      {
        // backup key to identify object
        out.write( (const char *) &key(), sizeof( int ) );
        // backup data
        const int bytes = sizeof(double)*dimWorld;
        out.write( (const char*) &p0[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p1[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p2[ 0 ], bytes );
      }
 
    protected:
      void init()
      {
        GlobalVector d1 = p1;
        d1 -= p0;
        GlobalVector d2 = p2;
        d2 -= p1;
 
        alpha=d1.two_norm()/(d1.two_norm()+d2.two_norm());
        if (alpha<1E-6 || alpha>1-1E-6)
          DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "ration in quadratic boundary segment bad");
      }
 
      static int& key() {
        static int k = -1;
        return k;
      }
 
    private:
      GlobalVector p0,p1,p2;
      double alpha;
    };
 
 
    // quadratic boundary segments in 2d
    /* numbering of points corresponding to gmsh:
 
       2
 
       5  4
 
       0  3  1
 
       Note: The vertices 3, 4, 5 are not necessarily at the edge midpoints but can
       be placed with parameters alpha, beta , gamma at the following positions
       in local coordinates:
 
 
       2 = (0,1)
 
       5 = (0,beta)   4 = (1-gamma/sqrt(2),gamma/sqrt(2))
 
       0 = (0,0)      3 = (alpha,0)                        1 = (1,0)
 
       The parameters alpha, beta, gamma are determined from the given vertices in
       global coordinates.
     */
    template<>
    class GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 3, 3 >
      : public Dune::BoundarySegment< 3 >
    {
      typedef GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 3, 3 > ThisType;
      typedef typename Dune::BoundarySegment< 3 > :: ObjectStreamType ObjectStreamType;
    public:
      GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment (Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p0_, Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p1_,
                                          Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p2_, Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p3_,
                                          Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p4_, Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p5_)
        : p0(p0_), p1(p1_), p2(p2_), p3(p3_), p4(p4_), p5(p5_)
      {
        init();
      }
 
      GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment( ObjectStreamType& in )
      {
        const int bytes = sizeof(double)*3;
        in.read( (char *) &p0[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p1[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p2[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p3[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p4[ 0 ], bytes );
        in.read( (char *) &p5[ 0 ], bytes );
        init();
      }
 
      static void registerFactory()
      {
        if( key() < 0 )
        {
          key() = Dune::BoundarySegment< 3 >::template registerFactory< ThisType >();
        }
      }
 
      virtual Dune::FieldVector<double,3> operator() (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        Dune::FieldVector<double,3> y;
        y = 0.0;
        y.axpy(phi0(local),p0);
        y.axpy(phi1(local),p1);
        y.axpy(phi2(local),p2);
        y.axpy(phi3(local),p3);
        y.axpy(phi4(local),p4);
        y.axpy(phi5(local),p5);
        return y;
      }
 
      void backup( ObjectStreamType& out ) const
      {
        // backup key to identify object in factory
        out.write( (const char*) &key(), sizeof( int ) );
        // backup data
        const int bytes = sizeof(double)*3;
        out.write( (const char*) &p0[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p1[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p2[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p3[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p4[ 0 ], bytes );
        out.write( (const char*) &p5[ 0 ], bytes );
      }
 
    protected:
      void init()
      {
        using std::sqrt;
        sqrt2 = sqrt(2.0);
        Dune::FieldVector<double,3> d1,d2;
 
        d1 = p3; d1 -= p0;
        d2 = p1; d2 -= p3;
        alpha=d1.two_norm()/(d1.two_norm()+d2.two_norm());
        if (alpha<1E-6 || alpha>1-1E-6)
          DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "alpha in quadratic boundary segment bad");
 
        d1 = p5; d1 -= p0;
        d2 = p2; d2 -= p5;
        beta=d1.two_norm()/(d1.two_norm()+d2.two_norm());
        if (beta<1E-6 || beta>1-1E-6)
          DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "beta in quadratic boundary segment bad");
 
        d1 = p4; d1 -= p1;
        d2 = p2; d2 -= p4;
        gamma=sqrt2*(d1.two_norm()/(d1.two_norm()+d2.two_norm()));
        if (gamma<1E-6 || gamma>1-1E-6)
          DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "gamma in quadratic boundary segment bad");
      }
 
      static int& key() {
        static int k = -1;
        return k;
      }
 
    private:
      // The six Lagrange basis function on the reference element
      // for the points given above
 
      double phi0 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return (alpha*beta-beta*local[0]-alpha*local[1])*(1-local[0]-local[1])/(alpha*beta);
      }
      double phi3 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return local[0]*(1-local[0]-local[1])/(alpha*(1-alpha));
      }
      double phi1 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return local[0]*(gamma*local[0]-(sqrt2-gamma-sqrt2*alpha)*local[1]-alpha*gamma)/(gamma*(1-alpha));
      }
      double phi5 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return local[1]*(1-local[0]-local[1])/(beta*(1-beta));
      }
      double phi4 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return local[0]*local[1]/((1-gamma/sqrt2)*gamma/sqrt2);
      }
      double phi2 (const Dune::FieldVector<double,2>& local) const
      {
        return local[1]*(beta*(1-gamma/sqrt2)-local[0]*(beta-gamma/sqrt2)-local[1]*(1-gamma/sqrt2))/((1-gamma/sqrt2)*(beta-1));
      }
 
      Dune::FieldVector<double,3> p0,p1,p2,p3,p4,p5;
      double alpha,beta,gamma,sqrt2;
    };
 
  }   // end empty namespace
 
  template<typename GridType>
  class GmshReaderParser
  {
  protected:
    // private data
    Dune::GridFactory<GridType>& factory;
    bool verbose;
    bool insert_boundary_segments;
    unsigned int number_of_real_vertices;
    int boundary_element_count;
    int element_count;
    // read buffer
    char buf[512];
    std::string fileName;
    // exported data
    std::vector<int> boundary_id_to_physical_entity;
    std::vector<int> element_index_to_physical_entity;
 
    // static data
    static const int dim = GridType::dimension;
    static const int dimWorld = GridType::dimensionworld;
    static_assert( (dimWorld <= 3), "GmshReader requires dimWorld <= 3." );
 
    // typedefs
    typedef FieldVector< double, dimWorld > GlobalVector;
 
    // don't use something like
    //   readfile(file, 1, "%s\n", buf);
    // to skip the rest of of the line -- that will only skip the next
    // whitespace-separated word!  Use skipline() instead.
    void readfile(FILE * file, int cnt, const char * format,
                  void* t1, void* t2 = 0, void* t3 = 0, void* t4 = 0,
                  void* t5 = 0, void* t6 = 0, void* t7 = 0, void* t8 = 0,
                  void* t9 = 0, void* t10 = 0)
    {
      off_t pos = ftello(file);
      int c = fscanf(file, format, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, t9, t10);
      if (c != cnt)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "Error parsing " << fileName << " "
                   "file pos " << pos
                                                   << ": Expected '" << format << "', only read " << c << " entries instead of " << cnt << ".");
    }
 
    // skip over the rest of the line, including the terminating newline
    void skipline(FILE * file)
    {
      int c;
      do {
        c = std::fgetc(file);
      } while(c != '\n' && c != EOF);
    }
 
  public:
 
    GmshReaderParser(Dune::GridFactory<GridType>& _factory, bool v, bool i) :
      factory(_factory), verbose(v), insert_boundary_segments(i) {}
 
    std::vector<int> & boundaryIdMap()
    {
      return boundary_id_to_physical_entity;
    }
 
    std::vector<int> & elementIndexMap()
    {
      return element_index_to_physical_entity;
    }
 
    void read (const std::string& f)
    {
      if (verbose) std::cout << "Reading " << dim << "d Gmsh grid..." << std::endl;
 
      // open file name, we use C I/O
      fileName = f;
      FILE* file = fopen(fileName.c_str(),"rb");
      if (file==0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "Could not open " << fileName);
 
      //=========================================
      // Header: Read vertices into vector
      //         Check vertices that are needed
      //=========================================
 
      number_of_real_vertices = 0;
      boundary_element_count = 0;
      element_count = 0;
 
      // process header
      double version_number;
      int file_type, data_size;
 
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$MeshFormat")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $MeshFormat in first line");
      readfile(file,3,"%lg %d %d\n",&version_number,&file_type,&data_size);
      if( (version_number < 2.0) || (version_number > 2.2) )
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "can only read Gmsh version 2 files");
      if (verbose) std::cout << "version " << version_number << " Gmsh file detected" << std::endl;
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$EndMeshFormat")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $EndMeshFormat");
 
      // node section
      int number_of_nodes;
 
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$Nodes")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $Nodes");
      readfile(file,1,"%d\n",&number_of_nodes);
      if (verbose) std::cout << "file contains " << number_of_nodes << " nodes" << std::endl;
 
      // read nodes
      // The '+1' is due to the fact that gmsh numbers node starting from 1 rather than from 0
      std::vector< GlobalVector > nodes( number_of_nodes+1 );
      {
        int id;
        double x[ 3 ];
        for( int i = 1; i <= number_of_nodes; ++i )
        {
          readfile(file,4, "%d %lg %lg %lg\n", &id, &x[ 0 ], &x[ 1 ], &x[ 2 ] );
 
          if (id > number_of_nodes) {
            DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError,
                       "Only dense sequences of node indices are currently supported (node index "
                       << id << " is invalid).");
          }
 
          // just store node position
          for( int j = 0; j < dimWorld; ++j )
            nodes[ id ][ j ] = x[ j ];
        }
        readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
        if (strcmp(buf,"$EndNodes")!=0)
          DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $EndNodes");
      }
 
      // element section
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$Elements")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $Elements");
      int number_of_elements;
      readfile(file,1,"%d\n",&number_of_elements);
      if (verbose) std::cout << "file contains " << number_of_elements << " elements" << std::endl;
 
      //=========================================
      // Pass 1: Select and insert those vertices in the file that
      //    actually occur as corners of an element.
      //=========================================
 
      off_t section_element_offset = ftello(file);
      std::map<int,unsigned int> renumber;
      for (int i=1; i<=number_of_elements; i++)
      {
        int id, elm_type, number_of_tags;
        readfile(file,3,"%d %d %d ",&id,&elm_type,&number_of_tags);
        for (int k=1; k<=number_of_tags; k++)
        {
          int blub;
          readfile(file,1,"%d ",&blub);
          // k == 1: physical entity (not used here)
          // k == 2: elementary entity (not used here either)
          // if version_number < 2.2:
          //   k == 3: mesh partition 0
          // else
          //   k == 3: number of mesh partitions
          //   k => 4: mesh partition k-4
        }
        pass1HandleElement(file, elm_type, renumber, nodes);
      }
      if (verbose) std::cout << "number of real vertices = " << number_of_real_vertices << std::endl;
      if (verbose) std::cout << "number of boundary elements = " << boundary_element_count << std::endl;
      if (verbose) std::cout << "number of elements = " << element_count << std::endl;
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$EndElements")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $EndElements");
      boundary_id_to_physical_entity.resize(boundary_element_count);
      element_index_to_physical_entity.resize(element_count);
 
      //==============================================
      // Pass 2: Insert boundary segments and elements
      //==============================================
 
      fseeko(file, section_element_offset, SEEK_SET);
      boundary_element_count = 0;
      element_count = 0;
      for (int i=1; i<=number_of_elements; i++)
      {
        int id, elm_type, number_of_tags;
        readfile(file,3,"%d %d %d ",&id,&elm_type,&number_of_tags);
        int physical_entity = -1;
 
        for (int k=1; k<=number_of_tags; k++)
        {
          int blub;
          readfile(file,1,"%d ",&blub);
          if (k==1) physical_entity = blub;
        }
        pass2HandleElement(file, elm_type, renumber, nodes, physical_entity);
      }
      readfile(file,1,"%s\n",buf);
      if (strcmp(buf,"$EndElements")!=0)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "expected $EndElements");
 
      fclose(file);
    }
 
    void pass1HandleElement(FILE* file, const int elm_type,
                            std::map<int,unsigned int> & renumber,
                            const std::vector< GlobalVector > & nodes)
    {
      // some data about gmsh elements
      const int nDofs[16]      = {-1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, 6, 5, 3, 6, -1, 10, -1, -1, -1, 1};
      const int nVertices[16]  = {-1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, 6, 5, 2, 3, -1, 4, -1, -1, -1, 1};
      const int elementDim[16] = {-1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, 0};
 
      // test whether we support the element type
      if ( not (elm_type > 0 && elm_type <= 15         // index in suitable range?
                && (elementDim[elm_type] == dim || elementDim[elm_type] == (dim-1) ) ) )         // real element or boundary element?
      {
        skipline(file);         // skip rest of line if element is unknown
        return;
      }
 
      // The format string for parsing is n times '%d' in a row
      std::string formatString = "%d";
      for (int i=1; i<nDofs[elm_type]; i++)
        formatString += " %d";
      formatString += "\n";
 
      // '10' is the largest number of dofs we may encounter in a .msh file
      std::vector<int> elementDofs(10);
 
      readfile(file,nDofs[elm_type], formatString.c_str(),
               &(elementDofs[0]),&(elementDofs[1]),&(elementDofs[2]),
               &(elementDofs[3]),&(elementDofs[4]),&(elementDofs[5]),
               &(elementDofs[6]),&(elementDofs[7]),&(elementDofs[8]),
               &(elementDofs[9]));
 
      // insert each vertex if it hasn't been inserted already
      for (int i=0; i<nVertices[elm_type]; i++)
        if (renumber.find(elementDofs[i])==renumber.end())
        {
          renumber[elementDofs[i]] = number_of_real_vertices++;
          factory.insertVertex(nodes[elementDofs[i]]);
        }
 
      // count elements and boundary elements
      if (elementDim[elm_type] == dim)
        element_count++;
      else
        boundary_element_count++;
 
    }
 
 
 
    // generic-case: This is not supposed to be used at runtime.
    template <class E, class V, class V2>
    void boundarysegment_insert(
      const V&,
      const E&,
      const V2&
      )
    {
      DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "tried to create a 3D boundary segment in a non-3D Grid");
    }
 
    // 3d-case:
    template <class E, class V>
    void boundarysegment_insert(
      const std::vector<FieldVector<double, 3> >& nodes,
      const E& elementDofs,
      const V& vertices
      )
    {
      std::array<FieldVector<double,dimWorld>, 6> v;
      for (int i=0; i<6; i++)
        for (int j=0; j<dimWorld; j++)
          v[i][j] = nodes[elementDofs[i]][j];
 
      BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld>* newBoundarySegment
        = (BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld>*) new GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 3, 3 >( v[0], v[1], v[2],
                                                                                           v[3], v[4], v[5] );
 
      factory.insertBoundarySegment( vertices,
                                     std::shared_ptr<BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld> >(newBoundarySegment) );
    }
 
 
 
    virtual void pass2HandleElement(FILE* file, const int elm_type,
                                    std::map<int,unsigned int> & renumber,
                                    const std::vector< GlobalVector > & nodes,
                                    const int physical_entity)
    {
      // some data about gmsh elements
      const int nDofs[16]      = {-1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, 6, 5, 3, 6, -1, 10, -1, -1, -1, 1};
      const int nVertices[16]  = {-1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, 6, 5, 2, 3, -1, 4, -1, -1, -1, 1};
      const int elementDim[16] = {-1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, 0};
 
      // test whether we support the element type
      if ( not (elm_type > 0 && elm_type <= 15         // index in suitable range?
                && (elementDim[elm_type] == dim || elementDim[elm_type] == (dim-1) ) ) )         // real element or boundary element?
      {
        skipline(file);         // skip rest of line if element is unknown
        return;
      }
 
      // The format string for parsing is n times '%d' in a row
      std::string formatString = "%d";
      for (int i=1; i<nDofs[elm_type]; i++)
        formatString += " %d";
      formatString += "\n";
 
      // '10' is the largest number of dofs we may encounter in a .msh file
      std::vector<int> elementDofs(10);
 
      readfile(file,nDofs[elm_type], formatString.c_str(),
               &(elementDofs[0]),&(elementDofs[1]),&(elementDofs[2]),
               &(elementDofs[3]),&(elementDofs[4]),&(elementDofs[5]),
               &(elementDofs[6]),&(elementDofs[7]),&(elementDofs[8]),
               &(elementDofs[9]));
 
      // correct differences between gmsh and Dune in the local vertex numbering
      switch (elm_type)
      {
      case 3 :          // 4-node quadrilateral
        std::swap(elementDofs[2],elementDofs[3]);
        break;
      case 5 :          // 8-node hexahedron
        std::swap(elementDofs[2],elementDofs[3]);
        std::swap(elementDofs[6],elementDofs[7]);
        break;
      case 7 :          // 5-node pyramid
        std::swap(elementDofs[2],elementDofs[3]);
        break;
      }
 
      // renumber corners to account for the explicitly given vertex
      // numbering in the file
      std::vector<unsigned int> vertices(nVertices[elm_type]);
 
      for (int i=0; i<nVertices[elm_type]; i++)
        vertices[i] = renumber[elementDofs[i]];
 
      // If it is an element, insert it as such
      if (elementDim[elm_type] == dim) {
 
        switch (elm_type)
        {
        case 1 :            // 2-node line
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::line,vertices);
          break;
        case 2 :            // 3-node triangle
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::triangle,vertices);
          break;
        case 3 :            // 4-node quadrilateral
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::quadrilateral,vertices);
          break;
        case 4 :            // 4-node tetrahedron
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::tetrahedron,vertices);
          break;
        case 5 :            // 8-node hexahedron
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::hexahedron,vertices);
          break;
        case 6 :            // 6-node prism
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::prism,vertices);
          break;
        case 7 :            // 5-node pyramid
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::pyramid,vertices);
          break;
        case 9 :            // 6-node triangle
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::triangle,vertices);
          break;
        case 11 :            // 10-node tetrahedron
          factory.insertElement(Dune::GeometryTypes::tetrahedron,vertices);
          break;
        }
 
      } else {
        // it must be a boundary segment then
        if (insert_boundary_segments) {
 
          switch (elm_type)
          {
          case 1 :              // 2-node line
            factory.insertBoundarySegment(vertices);
            break;
 
          case 2 :              // 3-node triangle
            factory.insertBoundarySegment(vertices);
            break;
 
          case 3 :            // 4-node quadrilateral
            factory.insertBoundarySegment(vertices);
            break;
 
          case 15 :             // 1-node point
            factory.insertBoundarySegment(vertices);
            break;
 
          case 8 : {              // 3-node line
            std::array<FieldVector<double,dimWorld>, 3> v;
            for (int i=0; i<dimWorld; i++) {
              v[0][i] = nodes[elementDofs[0]][i];
              v[1][i] = nodes[elementDofs[2]][i];                    // yes, the renumbering is intended!
              v[2][i] = nodes[elementDofs[1]][i];
            }
            BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld>* newBoundarySegment
              = (BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld>*) new GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< 2, dimWorld >(v[0], v[1], v[2]);
            factory.insertBoundarySegment(vertices,
                                          std::shared_ptr<BoundarySegment<dim,dimWorld> >(newBoundarySegment));
            break;
          }
          case 9 : {              // 6-node triangle
            boundarysegment_insert(nodes, elementDofs, vertices);
            break;
          }
          default: {
            DUNE_THROW(Dune::IOError, "GmshReader does not support using element-type " << elm_type << " for boundary segments");
            break;
          }
 
          }
 
        }
      }
 
      // count elements and boundary elements
      if (elementDim[elm_type] == dim) {
        element_index_to_physical_entity[element_count] = physical_entity;
        element_count++;
      } else {
        boundary_id_to_physical_entity[boundary_element_count] = physical_entity;
        boundary_element_count++;
      }
 
    }
 
  };
 
  namespace Gmsh {
    enum class ReaderOptions
    {
      verbose = 1,
      insertBoundarySegments = 2,
      readElementData = 4,
      readBoundaryData = 8
    };
 
    constexpr ReaderOptions operator | (ReaderOptions a, ReaderOptions b)
    {
      return static_cast<ReaderOptions>(
        static_cast<int>(a) | static_cast<int>(b)
      );
    }
 
    constexpr bool operator & (ReaderOptions a, ReaderOptions b)
    {
      return static_cast<int>(a) & static_cast<int>(b);
    }
 
  } // end namespace Gmsh
 
  template<typename GridType>
  class GmshReader
  {
 
    static void doRead(Dune::GridFactory<GridType> &factory,
                       const std::string &fileName,
                       std::vector<int>& boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity,
                       std::vector<int>& elementToPhysicalEntity,
                       bool verbose, bool insertBoundarySegments)
    {
      // register boundary segment to boundary segment factory for possible load balancing
      // this needs to be done on all cores since the type might not be known otherwise
      GmshReaderQuadraticBoundarySegment< Grid::dimension, Grid::dimensionworld >::registerFactory();
 
#ifndef NDEBUG
      // check that this method is called on all cores
      factory.comm().barrier();
#endif
 
      // create parse object and read grid on process 0
      if (factory.comm().rank() == 0)
      {
        GmshReaderParser<Grid> parser(factory,verbose,insertBoundarySegments);
        parser.read(fileName);
 
        boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity = std::move(parser.boundaryIdMap());
        elementToPhysicalEntity = std::move(parser.elementIndexMap());
      }
      else
      {
        boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity = {};
        elementToPhysicalEntity = {};
      }
    }
 
 
    template<class T>
    static T &discarded(T &&value) { return value; }
 
    struct DataArg {
      std::vector<int> *data_ = nullptr;
      DataArg(std::vector<int> &data) : data_(&data) {}
      DataArg(const decltype(std::ignore)&) {}
      DataArg() = default;
    };
 
    struct DataFlagArg : DataArg {
      bool flag_ = false;
      using DataArg::DataArg;
      DataFlagArg(bool flag) : flag_(flag) {}
    };
 
  public:
    typedef GridType Grid;
 
    static std::unique_ptr<Grid> read (const std::string& fileName, bool verbose = true, bool insertBoundarySegments=true)
    {
      // make a grid factory
      Dune::GridFactory<Grid> factory;
 
      read(factory, fileName, verbose, insertBoundarySegments);
 
      return factory.createGrid();
    }
 
    static std::unique_ptr<Grid> read (const std::string& fileName,
                       std::vector<int>& boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity,
                       std::vector<int>& elementToPhysicalEntity,
                       bool verbose = true, bool insertBoundarySegments=true)
    {
      // make a grid factory
      Dune::GridFactory<Grid> factory;
 
      doRead(
        factory, fileName, boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity,
        elementToPhysicalEntity, verbose, insertBoundarySegments
      );
 
      return factory.createGrid();
    }
 
    static void read (Dune::GridFactory<Grid>& factory, const std::string& fileName,
                      bool verbose = true, bool insertBoundarySegments=true)
    {
      doRead(
        factory, fileName, discarded(std::vector<int>{}),
        discarded(std::vector<int>{}), verbose, insertBoundarySegments
      );
    }
 
 
    static void read (Dune::GridFactory<Grid> &factory,
                      const std::string &fileName,
                      DataFlagArg boundarySegmentData,
                      DataArg elementData,
                      bool verbose=true)
    {
      doRead(
        factory, fileName,
        boundarySegmentData.data_
          ? *boundarySegmentData.data_ : discarded(std::vector<int>{}),
        elementData.data_
          ? *elementData.data_ : discarded(std::vector<int>{}),
        verbose,
        boundarySegmentData.flag_ || boundarySegmentData.data_
      );
    }
 
    static void read (Dune::GridFactory<Grid>& factory,
                      const std::string& fileName,
                      std::vector<int>& boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity,
                      std::vector<int>& elementToPhysicalEntity,
                      bool verbose, bool insertBoundarySegments)
    {
      doRead(
        factory, fileName, boundarySegmentToPhysicalEntity,
        elementToPhysicalEntity, verbose, insertBoundarySegments
      );
    }
 
    //\{
 
    [[deprecated("Will be removed after 2.8. Either use other constructors or use static methods without constructing an object")]]
    GmshReader() = default;
 
    using Opts = Gmsh::ReaderOptions;
 
    static constexpr Opts defaultOpts =
      Opts::verbose | Opts::insertBoundarySegments | Opts::readElementData | Opts::readBoundaryData;
 
 
    GmshReader(const std::string& fileName,
               Gmsh::ReaderOptions options = defaultOpts)
    {
      gridFactory_ = std::make_unique<Dune::GridFactory<Grid>>();
      readGridFile(fileName, *gridFactory_, options);
    }
 
    GmshReader(const std::string& fileName, GridFactory<Grid>& factory,
               Gmsh::ReaderOptions options = defaultOpts)
    {
      readGridFile(fileName, factory, options);
    }
 
    const std::vector<int>& elementData () const
    {
      checkElementData();
      return elementIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_;
    }
 
    const std::vector<int>& boundaryData () const
    {
      checkBoundaryData();
      return boundarySegmentIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_;
    }
 
    bool hasElementData () const
    { return hasElementData_ && !extractedElementData_; }
 
    bool hasBoundaryData () const
    { return hasBoundaryData_ && !extractedBoundaryData_; }
 
    std::vector<int> extractElementData ()
    {
      checkElementData();
      extractedElementData_ = true;
      return std::move(elementIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_);
    }
 
    std::vector<int> extractBoundaryData ()
    {
      checkBoundaryData();
      extractedBoundaryData_ = true;
      return std::move(boundarySegmentIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_);
    }
 
    std::unique_ptr<Grid> createGrid ()
    {
      if (!gridFactory_)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException,
          "This GmshReader has been constructed with a Dune::GridFactory. "
          << "This grid factory has been filled with all information to create a grid. "
          << "Please use this factory to create the grid by calling factory.createGrid(). "
          << "Alternatively use the constructor without passing the factory in combination with this member function."
        );
 
      return gridFactory_->createGrid();
    }
 
    //\}
 
  private:
    void checkElementData () const
    {
      if (!hasElementData_)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException,
          "This GmshReader has been constructed without the option 'readElementData'. "
          << "Please enable reading element data by passing the option 'Gmsh::ReaderOpts::readElementData' "
          << "to the constructor of this class."
        );
 
      if (extractedElementData_)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException,
          "The element data has already been extracted from this GmshReader "
          << "via a function call to reader.extractElementData(). Use the extraced data or "
          << "read the grid data from file again by constructing a new reader."
        );
    }
 
    void checkBoundaryData () const
    {
      if (!hasBoundaryData_)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException,
          "This GmshReader has been constructed without the option 'readBoundaryData'. "
          << "Please enable reading boundary data by passing the option 'Gmsh::ReaderOpts::readBoundaryData' "
          << "to the constructor of this class."
        );
 
      if (extractedBoundaryData_)
        DUNE_THROW(Dune::InvalidStateException,
          "The boundary data has already been extracted from this GmshReader "
          << "via a function call to reader.extractBoundaryData(). Use the extraced data or "
          << "read the grid data from file again by constructing a new reader."
        );
    }
 
    void readGridFile (const std::string& fileName, GridFactory<Grid>& factory, Gmsh::ReaderOptions options)
    {
      const bool verbose = options & Opts::verbose;
      const bool insertBoundarySegments = options & Opts::insertBoundarySegments;
      const bool readBoundaryData = options & Opts::readBoundaryData;
      const bool readElementData = options & Opts::readElementData;
 
      doRead(
        factory, fileName, boundarySegmentIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_,
        elementIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_, verbose,
        readBoundaryData || insertBoundarySegments
      );
 
      // clear unwanted data
      if (!readBoundaryData)
          boundarySegmentIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_ = std::vector<int>{};
      if (!readElementData)
          elementIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_ = std::vector<int>{};
 
      hasElementData_ = readElementData;
      hasBoundaryData_ = readBoundaryData;
    }
 
    std::unique_ptr<Dune::GridFactory<Grid>> gridFactory_;
 
    std::vector<int> elementIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_;
    std::vector<int> boundarySegmentIndexToGmshPhysicalEntity_;
 
    bool hasElementData_;
    bool hasBoundaryData_;
 
    // for better error messages, we keep track of these separately
    bool extractedElementData_ = false;
    bool extractedBoundaryData_ = false;
  };
 
} // namespace Dune
 
#endif